Trees selected for felling

Type of felling Tree species Tariff Number of selected trees per thickness levels (or per trunk diameter at breast height) m3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total
Total

ha

Number of selected trees per hectare:

Quantity of trees selected for cutting [m3/ha]:

Gross volume of medium tree selected for cutting:

Felling

Motor-manual felling (with chainsaw)

Average norm Basic standard time from min to min, with corrections taken into account min

The basic standard times are composed of productive and unproductive times (factor 1.58). Standard time is composed of basic standard time and corrections owing to the acknowledged additional work and corrections owing to the existing work conditions (bonifications or malifications). The basic normative expresses dependence of cutting time and preparation of assortments on tree's breast diameter in centimetres [cm].

The basic standard time also includes the time needed for the preparation of the felling area (in accordance with the regulations concerning cutting and handling of logging residues that relates to tree production and additional work owing to the extended forest regulations). During regular felling, no other additional work is stipulated. The calculation differs for coniferous and deciduous trees irrespective of the stand forms or mixture of tree species.

The basic standard time further includes the factor of difficulty that comprises average additional work and average corrections owing to the given working conditions. The included factor of difficulty amounts to 1.31 for conifers and 1.26 for deciduous trees. Due to the average bonification use, the norm is designed for the calculation of the time needed for cutting in large closed surfaces such as state-owned forests, forest management areas, concession area and estates, and less on separate plots or small properties.

1. Corrections owing to atypical working conditions

  • Low felling concentrations
Correction owing to the low concentration of trees foreseen for cutting is applied in the event when up to 100 trees are to be cut. The correction has the value of up to 20% (depending on the number of trees and their diameters). The correction is calculated automatically on the basis of given data.

  • Difficult passability
Correction for difficult passability in the workfield is stipulated on the basis of data on the average slope and rockiness. The correction for difficult passability amounts to 20% and is stipulated in the workfield itself. For the selected workfield, the user is obliged to stipulate shares (in %) in which separate classes concerning the slope and rockiness are represented (the sum of shares should not exceed 100%).
Rockiness
Slope < 30% 31-50% 51-70% >70%
up to 30% 0,00%
from 31 to 50% 0,00%
from 51 to 70% 0,00%
above 70% 0,00%
0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%

  • Exceptional dimensions of trees
The correction for exceptional tree dimensions amounts to 15% and is taken into consideration with regard to the share of stemwood foreseen for cutting from 50 cm diameter at breast height upwards. The correction is calculated automatically on the basis of given data.

2. Correction owing to the low concentration of exceptional (sanitary) felling
Such correction is used only for the calculation of time needed for exceptional (sanitary) felling foreseen in the annual forest exploitation plan, when surface areas of workfields for exceptional felling exceed 10 ha or when the number of trees planned for cutting exceeds 100.

In workfields smaller than 10 ha, data on the number of cut trees per workfields of exceptional (sanitary) felling in the previous year are used for the calculation of the average correction owing to the low concentrations of the expected exceptional (sanitary) felling and the values of corrections from Item 1 (»Corrections owing to the atypical conditions) taken into consideration. The use of correction owing to the atypical working conditions applies for the surface areas of exceptional felling of up to 10 ha.

Limitations
Standard times apply for all kinds of produced forest-wood assortments of coniferous and deciduous trees that are normally subject to marketing. In coniferous trees, the standard times apply for felling and preparation of assortments of roundwood (with typical lengths from 4 to 12 m). In deciduous trees, the standard times includes time for the preparation of assortments and for the making of industrial wood or for fuelwood. Felling and preparation of forest-wood assortments of larger quantities owing to ice-break, snow break, wind break, fires and landslides (salvage logging) are not standardized due to the greatly increased danger during the carried out works, but are calculated per production time consumption. The sum of all corrections owing to the atypical working conditions or concentration of exceptional felling is expressed with the factor 1.22 at the most for conifers and 1.27 at the most for deciduous trees (the so-called limit values). In the event of a greater sum in the workfield, the program automatically uses the corrections' limit values.

Standard times at the workfield level Basic standard time from () to ()

During the ensuing steps, the user stipulates by applying drop-down menus additional conditions for the calculation of corrections owing to the working conditions or increased amount of work needed to regulate the felling area.

The standard times is composed of time calculation for the basic standard time, increased with the factor of non-productive time and with a certain percentage of corrections of the norm due to the additional work and working conditions, or reduced by 1 % of corrections (malifications) owing to the working conditions.

The basic standard times that include non-productive times apply for:

  • Favourable working conditions (slope up to 30 %, temperature 5-20 oC)
  • Do not include corrections owing to additional jobs or corrections due to working conditions.
  • Standard times for conifers apply for felling and preparation of forest wood assortments according to the multiples CTL-method (8 - 12 m lengths).
  • For deciduous trees, the standard times contain time for the preparation of combined logs or other technical (round) assortments and the making of long industrial wood or firewood in round (long) form (bare).
  • The standard time applies for the post of wood cutter, who is limited by the time of arrival to the working site and time of departure from the working site or workfield.
  • The time needed to regulate the felling area is taken into consideration in accordance with the regulation that stipulates the implementation of cutting and handling with felling residues (forest residuals).
Select the category of rockiness and terrain slope

The passability of terrain (rockiness) and the slope of terrain are interconnected, as rockiness increases, as a rule, with increasing slope. Correction is not used in combination with the basic norm for the cutting of mixed stands of deciduous trees on steep slopes.

Correction for thinning of coniferous and deciduous trees and gathering in hauling rope lines
The correction is used during the thinning of younger stands, where use of rope lines is foreseen, where wood cutter gathers the assortments manually with the aid of hooks or pick. The correction is used owing to the additional manual (pre-) haulage of the cut trees (breast diameter up to 30 cm) to the gathering lines as well as in the events of increased volume of released trees.

Popravek za redčenja iglavcev in listavcev ter zbiranje v vrvne linije
Popravek se uporablja v redčenjih mlajših sestojev, kjer je predvidena uporaba vrvnih linij, na katere sekač zbira sortimente in sicer ročno s pomočjo kavljev ali cepina. Popravek se uporabi zaradi dodatnega ročnega (pred-) spravila posekanega drevja (prsni premer do 30 cm) na linije zbiranja in tudi v primerih povečanega obsega sproščanja drevja.


Select the category of rockiness and terrain slope
The passability of terrain (rockiness) and the slope of terrain are interconnected, as rockiness increases, as a rule, with increasing slope. Correction is not used in combination with the basic norm for the cutting of mixed stands of deciduous trees on steep slopes.

ha

Pine stands

Among the trees selected for felling the share is dominated by pine. In the case of pine stands with a very branchy trees or extensive bushiness can difficult passability, therefore norms are calculated according to a specific formula, so at this point the user determines the conditions of pine stands in the working field.

1. Corrections owing to additional work
Additional jobs are taken into consideration as corrections of the basic norm (in %) in proportion to the surface area or the number for which bonifications apply. The user is always liable to stipulate also the surface area of the workfield, where corrections apply (the adopted value is set for the entire workfield).

a) Assortment method
During the cutting of coniferous or deciduous trees according to the assortment method, the basic norm is increased by 5%.

ha

b) Trimming of assortments
For assortments ends trimming, the basic cutting norm is increased by 3%.

ha

c) Snow removal
The correction depends on the height of snow cover [in m]
ha

d) Increased volume of work in the preparation of the cutting area
Arrangement of the cutting area is stipulated with the regulations dealing with tree cutting, handling of felling residues, haulage and stacking of forest wood assortments. It encompasses several operations, some of which are associated with the work of cutter on a certain tree (e.g. debarking of stumps of spruce, pine, elm, etc.) and stacking of branches. Other operations, on the other hand, cannot be linked with cutting of an individual tree, but with a group of trees or with the entire cutting area. The standard time contains the following typical jobs for the arrangement of the cutting area:
  • debarking of spruce, pine or elm stumps;
  • removal of forest residues from forest thoroughfares and skid trails;
  • stacking of forest residues during rejuvenation felling to prevent obstruction of the development of seedlings stand;
  • felling and suitable removal or stacking of undersized trees damaged during cutting or haulage, from which no assortments are made;
  • sawing up and stacking of branches and top stems of coniferous trees into piles outside thoroughfares and skid trails; removal of forest residues from pools, water springs, beds of streams and torrents, as well as from agricultural land, outer forest edges and forest glades;
  • removal of all other non-wood waste occurring during the implementation of forest works.
Corrections owing to the additional work in the stacking and sawing up of branches are to be considered for the jobs carried out by chainsaw operators and are specifically stipulated for the arrangement of the cutting area with the forest management plans or with special provisions, and cannot be attributed to an individual tree but to the conditions at working site. Percentage of corrections is added relatively to the percentage of he surface area or to the share of trees in the workfield. Corrections are stipulated for the following jobs:

- First thinning in pole stage forests with high density and difficult passability, where branches are to be stacked in several heaps, stumps peeled and a great number of dry (dead) or undersized (not suitable for assortments) trees that hinder the work felled. The basic norm can be increased by 10%.
ha

- Broken pole stage stands owing to natural factors (broken tops, parts of crowns, etc.) Difficult felling owing to often overhanging trees. The basic norm can be increased by 15%.
ha

- Branchiness of coniferous trees:
trees
(The proposed value denotes the number of all coniferous trees in the tree structure as well as the greatest possible number of trees with the considered correction.)

- Branchiness of deciduous trees owing to the bushy and branched out crown of deciduous trees, the basic norm can be increased by 30%.
trees
(The proposed value denotes the number of all deciduous trees in the tree structure as well as the greatest possible number of trees with the considered correction.)

- Felling along the forest edge (forest margin, permanent public thoroughfares or land plots, springs, water courses and torrential channels, cutting in protected areas, proximity of other facilities, where felling residues are to be removed in full):
ha


e) Concentration of work sites (more spatialy seperated working sites in same day)
Increased walking time (with speed of 3 km / h) to the intersection is taken into account in the case of spatially separated working sites with a small number of trees planned for felling . The additional time is added to standard times. This corrections does not preclude the correction due to the low intensity cutting in the work field.
If it is in your field of work more than one work site, specify the average horizontal distance between the points of intersection:

ha


2. Firewood production

The norms apply for manual production of firewood at a stump or on the road. They are calculated apart from standard times for felling and converted to [min/m3].

%


3. Corrections (bonifications and malifications) owing to working conditions
Corrections are added to the basic norm in the relative share of the surface area or number of trees, for which bonifications apply.

a) Seedlings stands or almost impassable undergrowth
Work in seedlings stands, which are not marked in forest management plans, is not considered as work in special working conditions (damages to such young stands and undergrowth are not considered damages caused by felling). The following corrections for the work in young stands, which are marked in forest management plans, are stipulated:
  • In seedlings stands of up to 1 m in height, a 10% correction is taken into account (obstacles in the tree processing). Part of it are also all delayed rejuvenations, where final cut takes place.
  • In the thicket of up to 5 m in height, a 30% correction is taken into account (difficult passages and aggravated tree processing). Part of it are also all delayed rejuvenations, where final cut takes place (obstacles in the tree processing, greater damages to seedlings stand – more additional work for tree cutter, which is not associated with the felling of an individual tree).
  • In pole stage forest of up to 10 m in height (if this is marked in forest management plans), a 20% correction is taken into account (more aggravated passages and tree processing). Part of it are also all delayed rejuvenations (greater damages to seedlings stand – more additional work for tree cutter, which is not associated with the cutting of an individual tree).
  • Delayed rejuvenation fellings, where the increased volume of forest regulations goes on the account of sawing up and stacking of branches into piles outside seedlings stand, etc. Difficult passage due to undergrowth (hazel and other bushes, raspberry, blackberry, etc.) irrespective of the seedlings stand, conifers and deciduous trees 40%.

ha


b) Low intensity cutting in the workfield
Low intensity felling of the selected trees demands corrections to be made in the standard time owing to the loss of time during the search of trees and longer passages in the events when less than 25 trees per hectare or 30 m3/ha are selected to be cut. This bonification does not exclude additional work owing to the access to the working site and is independent from the distance of the working site from the road. The correction of the basic standard time is calculated automatically on the grounds of the basic data.


c) Work in snow
Bonifications for the work in snow apply for the increased difficulty of work – particularly limbing, bucking, sawing down and arrangement of the cutting site. These bonifications do not include additional work needed for the removal of snow.


d) Temperature impact
Enter the average air temperature during weekday. This is the average of temperatures at the beginning and the end of weekday.


e) Branchiness and crown shape
  • If the length of the crown in coniferous and deciduous trees exceeds two thirds of the trunk length, the times of basic norm are increased by 5%.

trees

  • Multi-axis trunk (e.g. twin steam) in deciduous trees increases times of the basic norm by 5%.

trees
(The proposed value denotes the number of all deciduous trees in the tree structure as well as the greatest possible number of trees with the considered correction.)

  • In conifers, greater branchiness is considered, if the tree with the length of the crown exceeds 30% of the trunk length, where branches thicker than 6 cm prevail. In this case, the basic norm is increased by 5%.

trees
(The proposed value denotes the number of all coniferous trees in the tree structure as well as the greatest possible number of trees with the considered correction.)


4. Reduction of norm (malification) owing to working conditions

a) Single-layered stands of slender trees
In the stands where the extent of limbing and forest regulations is reduced owing to the small length of the crown below one fourth of the trunk length (coniferous and deciduous trees), single-axed trunks (deciduous trees) and thin branches (conifers below 4 cm), the basic standard time is reduced by 20%. This includes e.g. single-layered cultures of spruce and single-layered beech stands in the phases to the thinner stand of mature trees.
ha

b) Cutting along forest thoroughfares
When cutting trees on the alignment of forest roads (forest thoroughfares, tractor skid-roads, cableway corridors) in favourable conditions, the basic standard time is reduced by 20%.
ha

Final cut (felling)
In the final felling in a transparent ground with seedlings to a height of 100 cm and density of trees for felling over 30 m3/ha, and in situations where seedlings do not require additional work due to spatial intersection, the standard time can be reduced by 20%.
ha

Limitations and recommendations
Production of forest wood assortments of great quantities owing to ice-break, snow break, wind break, fires and landslides due to the greatly increased danger in the implementation of work. In these cases, works are not standardized, but is calculated on time basis. Neither are works standardized according to this regulation during deforestation owing to non-forestry purposes or maintenance of the existing non-forestry infrastructure. The standard times also apply for the felling of trees affected by bark beetles (this does not include other protective jobs that can be carried out by chainsaw operator). To the felling time, times needed for the implementation of protective jobs are to be added (e.g. spreading of tarpaulins, gathering of bark in heaps, burning, etc.). The sum of corrections owing to working conditions can be 80% at the most (factor 1.8 on with additional work corrected basic standard time). If adding of more than 80% corrections of the basic standard time is justifiable, verification and payment by arrangement is recommendable. Reductions of standard time (malifications) in cutting can amount to maximum 20% and are prior to calculation of the standard time deducted from corrections owing to the working conditions. In the calculations, the limitations are taken into consideration automatically on the basis of the stated data.

Fully mechanized harvesting Basic standard time from () to ()

Mechanized fellings with large wheeled harvesters

Basic principles

The standard times apply for the already established form of machine logging and making of assortments during the thinning of conifer stands and deciduous trees in favourable terrain and stand conditions of regular working sites with trees marked for felling.

The standard time consider the system of working time calculation for eight-hour workday and are based on the regression dependence of the productive working time of the machine from the input variable of the average gross volume of the tree marked for felling (BTO) in m3 at the working site.

The standard time applies for the working sites where trees marked for felling, taking into account the tariffs of forest management plans, do not exceed 1,2 m3 for deciduous trees (LST) and 1,8 m3 for conifers (IGL), while the density of trees marked for felling oscillates between 50 m3/ha in 150 m3/ha. A lower density can be considered with the foreseen correction.

The standard time apply for the group of large wheeled logging machines, the mass of which exceeds 13 tons; the reach of hydraulic lift's arm is 10 metres or more, while the cutting head installed on it enables production of assortments of up to 40 cm in diameter and felling of up to 60 cm in diameter. The norms apply for independent work by a qualified machine operator, with work experience on such machines, without combined implementation of chainsaw work and additional chainsaw operator.

The standard time apply for the cutting and making of assortments in the technological shortwood system. The machinist takes care of suitably directed logging and assortment making in order to avoid unnecessary damages caused to the stand and soil.

The standard time include times for the arrangement of the cutting site, as stipulated by the rules for machine logging, which regulate the implementation of cutting, handling of logging residues, haulage and stacking of forest wood assortments.

The machine logging standard time (Nss) is expressed in time (min) per net produced m3 of forest wood assortments and is composed of the basic standard time (ONss) and corrections of the basic standard time. The basic standard time includes the factor of non-productive working time, which considers Slovenian conditions of forest management and labour legislation, and amounts to 1.39.

The basic standard time of machine felling with large wheeled harvesters is calculated on the basis of average gross volume of the tree marked for felling (BTO).

Corrections of the harvesters basic standard time
Standard time corrections are meant to increase the basic norm owing to the terrain and/or organizational conditions at working site. The criteria for stipulating corrections for separate categories is determined on the basis of conditions at working site as well as of organizational demands and limitations in the implementation of machine logging. The sum of all corrections on the basis of norms can be 100% at the most (factor = 2). If adding of over 100% of corrections of the basic norm is justified, the norm is not stipulated, but verification of the productivity and calculation of jobs by time is recommendable.

1. Organizational limitations:
  • Additional forest protection demands in the cases of:
    • presence of perspective young generation,
    • additional stacking or removal of branches from logging tracks due to other reasons,
    • processing or stacking of topstems lying separately from the trunk or tree.
%

    • Dead-end skidding tracks (ST):



    • Distance of the focal point of wood mass at working site from the foreseen depot on the forest thoroughfare is:



    2. Correction due to working site conditions:
    • Site conditions:

    %

    %

    %

    • Tree form





    • Field conditions (slope and rockiness)

    The terrain slope is

    Rockiness is %

    • • Winter conditions


    Height of snow cover is %

    • • Extreme conditions



Limitations and recommendations
  • The norms apply for the stands of homogenous structure in pole stage forests and stands of mature trees with defined measure of thinning under favourable field conditions.
  • Favourable field conditions for machine logging concern forest areas with average rockiness of the terrain of up to 5%, average slope of up to 10%, and good visibility.
  • Working time normative do not include breaks of work at the level of calendar monitoring of work such as: relocation of the machine, its shifting to various working sites, servicing and repairs, regular maintenance support (delivery of petrol, chain sharpening, assembly and dismantling of caterpillar tracks and chains …), longer breaks owing to weather, stand or organizational demands, etc.
  • Transparent and functional marking of trees for felling, of logging-skidding tracks and direction of movement is provided for.
  • The manner of tree marking should be adapted to the needs of complete machine logging.
  • Max. thickness of branches must not exceed 10 cm.
  • Max. length of produced assortments is 6 m.
  • Stacking and classification of assortments is carried out along logging tracks in the way that enables haulage with machinery (forwarder, tractor with forest trailer …).
  • Logging and making of random products due to ice-break, snow break, wind break) is not standardized but calculated by time.
  • For working sites where wood mass marked for felling does not exceed 500 m3 and which are not accessible by logging machinery without the use of removal trailer or are too distant from other machine logging working sites, an economic assessment of the decision to carry out complete machine logging is recommended.

Wood extraction

Manual (hand) wood extraction Basic standard time from () to ()

Manual wood extraction is shifting of produced assortments through wayless terrain. If extraction is to be carried out to the forest thoroughfare, then manual extraction is an independent and concluding phase. If, on the other hand, it is carried out to the skid-road or cableway line, the manual wood extraction is a sub-phase called gathering or wood pre-extraction. The normative apply to ordinary manners of work and ordinary equipment of workers and for labour of one worker. The norms apply for haulage of round wood of spruce and fir trees in the bark. For other tree species, they are calculated by considering their densities.

Working conditions with the greatest impact on the effects of manual extraction are: terrain slope, obstacles in the terrain (e.g. overgrown with vegetation), distance of wood shifting (slope distance is taken into account). Normal working conditions are suitably sloping terrain (40-60 %) with average humidity, without undergrowth and obstacles. In these norms, working conditions are summarized in three categories, which are the same for manual extraction at short and long distances.


Working site category


Manual wood extraction over long distances are used to hauling distances of 200 m to 500 m, norms hand harvesting over short distances are used on all distances up to 200 m.


Haulage slope distance

metresMax. distance should not exceed 500 metres!

Corrections of the basic normative of manual wood extraction

When the assortments do not slide easily, the normative can be increased. When extracting wood along frozen ground, however, the norms can be lowered. The normative can also be increased in the extraction through heavy undergrowth as well as in the extraction of small (avg. piece weighing less than 0.3 tons) and long assortments (especially deciduous trees).









Hauling with horses Basic standard time from () to ()

The normative apply for ordinary organizations and procedures in wood extraction with horses (in the skidding of roundwood with horses on the ground and in extraction of firewood), and for ordinary equipment of horses and workers. Roundwood is skidded with a male horse or with a pair of horses. Times of stacking along the thoroughfare are also taken into account. The normative for extraction of firewood of deciduous trees are stipulated for the work of one person with 3 horses. Firewood should be stacked in forest in piles.


Select the manner of skidding for which the normative is to be stipulated:




The distance of wood hauling is determined by measuring the length of skid-roads in the field or on the map; in the extraction of wood, it is determined by measuring the paths covered by horses on wayless ground and along skid-roads.

Horizontal distance of hauling or extraction along skid-road is metres

The distance of wood gathering is determined in such a manner that the measured distance (as a straight line) on the »map« from the centre of gathering in the fieldwork to the skid-road is increased by 45%.

The distance of gathering (hauling) through wayless ground metres

Za preračunavanje prostornine lesa (prostorni m3) v maso ali obratno veljajo poleg preglednice v poglavju 4.1 še naslednja razmerja:


Sortimenti - drva Masa Enota
Masa 1 prostorninskega m3 svežega lesa listavcev 0,8 t
Masa 1 prostorninskega m3 gozdno suhega lesa list 0,6 t
Prostornina lesa v 1 prostornem m3 0,65 m3

The stated norms for skidding with horses apply for dry and solid (rocky) skid-roads without larger holes or stones (steps) along the skid-road. With regard to the average longitudinal slope of the skid-road, three directions of wood extraction with the following characteristics are distinguished:

1. Corrections of basic norms of hauling with horses
For poorer working conditions in the hauling of wood with horses, the time norm can be increased, i.e.:

  • on skid-roads with short counter-ascents, holes or stones on the skid-road by up to 10%, in steep skid-roads (above -20% slope) up to 15% corrections;

  • on soft and muddy skid-roads by up to 10%;

  • on very steep grounds, where additional manual work is necessary, by up to 10%;

  • in the extraction of very small assortments (average tree marked for felling up to 0.20 m3), the norm of hauling is increased by up to 20%;

  • in the extraction of small assortments (average tree marked for felling up to 0.24-0.30 m3 ), the norm of hauling is increased by up to 10%;

  • for work in snow, the time norms of gathering and hauling are increased as follows: in height of snow of up to 15 cm by up to 5%, in height of snow of 16-50 cm by up to 15%, in height of snow above 50 cm by up to 20%.

1. Corrections of basic norms of firewood extraction with horses

  • rocky slopes with high rockiness (above 60% surface) up to 10 %,

  • low intensity cutting in the workfield (below 20 m3/ha) up to 10 %.

Cable yarding Basic standard time from () to ()

The norms apply for the already established forms of extraction of coniferous and deciduous wood with yarder cranes, i.e.

  • hauling of wood up and down with multi-drum yarder tower cranes and carrying capacity of 3 tons,
  • hauling of wood up and down with multi-drum yarder tower cranes and carrying capacity of 2.5 tons,
  • hauling of wood up and down with standard yarder cranes.


Forestry cableways are classified into four categories with regard to the length of typical lines and carrying capacity:

  • 1.a large multi-drum yarder cranes with towers – up to 600 m line, carrying capacity up to 2.5 t (e.g. Urus)
  • 1.b a large multi-drum yarder cranes with towers – up to 800 m line, carrying capacity up to 3.0 t (universal cableways e.g. FMM-Syncrofalke)
  • 2. medium multi-drum cranes with towers – up to 400 m line, carrying capacity up to 1.5 t (e.g. Mini Urus, TVS, Igland telescope)
  • 3. small multi-drum cranes with towers – up to 200 m line, carrying capacity up to 1.0 t
  • 4. standard yarder cranes – 2,000 m line, carrying capacity up to 2.5 t


The norms apply for the haulage of basic lengths of assortments or multiples of basic lengths and combined assortments and fora group of three workers dealing with multi-drum yarders with towers or four workers engaged in wood extraction with standard yarder. The norms for multi-drum yarders with towers 1.b apply for functioning in the three-rope system in both directions of extraction. The norm for hauling with yarders is determined separately for wood extraction itself and for extraction together with the shifting of the appliance. This is possible, of course, only if the lines at a working site are similar.

Obligatory (general) data

No. of workers No.
Horizontal length of the line from anchor to anchor (m) m
No. of intermediate supports [ No.


Direction of extraction: Downwards is possible only in 1.b and 4.

Obligatory data for the stipulation of the normative for the shifting of appliances
The norms of shifting (setting up and dismantling together with shifting inside the workfield) of appliances (for cableways of categories 1.a, 2., 3. and 4.) apply for the assembly of the support and hauling ropes (two-rope system), for the setting up of the hanging shoe (M support), for anchoring to the growing trees, arrangement of standing place for the machine on the road (with the exception of standard cranes), and arrangement of timber landing. For the category of forestry cableways 1.b (three-rope system), the norm of shifting (setting up, dismantling and shifting inside the workfield) and shifting of appliances between working sites are determined with factor fmd.

  • Basic standard times in the shifting of gravitational cableways (categories 1.a, 2., 3. and 4.)
    The time of shifting is the total time of setting up and dismantling of the cableway in norm hours. The norm applies for the work of a group of three workers dealing with the shifting of multi-drum cranes with towers (cableways of categories 1.a, 2. and 3.) or for the group of four workers engaged in standard cable yarding (category 4.). If having to do with a different group, the norm can be relatively changed, which is the reason why the number of workers is to be precisely stipulated already in the general data.

Select the type of line laying


Terrain slope (%) % Slope indicates the gradient of the unit of terrain under consideration. It is given in % on the slope irrespective of direction of yarder line.

Additional productive time, which is standardized separately (norm hours) and is foreseen in the forest cableway project: h

  • Basic standard times in the shifting of universal cableways (category 1.b)
    For multi-drum cable yarders with towers 1.b, the norm of extraction with shifting at the annual level is calculated on the grounds of the basic norm of extraction and shifting factor (fmd). The fmd factor is determined with regard to the horizontal length of the line LL (m) and concentration of net wood mass marked for felling on the line (m3/m). The fmd factor is used for the calculation of the norm for several working sites (e.g. at the annual level).


    • Specify the shift factor (fmd). If the fmd is not determined in advance, it is calculated automatically with regard to the horizontal length of the line LL (m) and concentration of net wood mass marked for felling on the line m3/m.


Obligatory data needed to determine the wood extraction norm

VLA The distance of hauling (m) for the workfield is assessed as an average distance to the centre of wood mass marked for felling (per map) m
Pi Surface area opened by the lines - usually workfield (ha) ha
n No. of foreseen lines in the workfield No.
TDC Additional productive work in the cycle (min/load)


Cutting method


Other foreseen productive time in wood hauling

Wood levelling with the winch of cable appliance and levelling with tractor.

1. Corrections of the basic norms in the shifting and haulage of wood with gravitation cable yarders (categories 1.a, 2., 3. and 4.)
Specify corrections and select the factors of influence:

  • Terrain slope
Calculated correction owing to the terrain slope :

If you do not agree with the calculated correction, select your own correction:

  • Snow
Average height of snow

Calculated correction owing to the height of snow:

If you do not agree with the calculated correction, select your own correction:

  • Difficult passability (rocks, blocks, assortments and felling residues)



2. Correction of the basic norms in haulage of wood for the standard cable yarders

  • Height of supporting line :

Calculated correction owing to the very high line:

If you do not agree with the calculated correction, select your own correction:

  • Haulage of assortments load with raised front-end:

Calculated correction owing to haulage of assortments load with raised front-end

If you do not agree with the calculated correction, select your own correction:

  • Power of the winch

Calculated correction owing to power of the winch

If you do not agree with the calculated correction, select your own correction:

  • Line slope

Calculated correction owing to line slope:

If you do not agree with the calculated correction, select your own correction:

Extraction of wood with adapted agricultural tractors and forest skidders Basic standard time from () to ()

The normative apply for haulage of wood with tractors from the stump to the truck thoroughfare from regular felling (at least 30 m3 assortments per 1 ha, and at least 15 m3 assortments par 1 ha during thinning). In thicker trees, they apply for the assortment method and the method of multiples (8-10 m), while in thinner trees they apply for the semi long-tree method and long-tree method.

Types of tractors used for haulage of wood:

  • Adapted wheel agricultural tractor - two drive axles . 4x4, winch 2 * 5t
  • Large forestry skidders – two drive axles, winch 2x 8t


Basic (general) data

Total length of forest thoroughfares (skid-roads, paths and roads) in the felling area and along it m The length should not be zero!

The distance of haulage (VLA) is calculated through skid-roads on the map and indicates average horizontal distance from the centre of the quantity for felling of the selected trees to the place of levelling.

Hauling distance: m

Specify the category (type) of parent material

Coniferous roundwood in the haulage of wood is

Specification of the wood gathering category







Definition of wood haulage categories:






1. Corrections of the basic normatives in wood hauling

For organizational form of work:

For work in the snow, gathering time norms are increased:

For work in the snow, corrections are determined reasonably with regard to the actual obstacles during haulage of wood.

2. Corrections of basic normative during wood gathering and levelling

Owing to the more demanding working conditions, gathering time norms can be increased:

- in rejuvenated stands, where thick assortments from seedlings stands are deposited, by 15%,

ha

- in rejuvenated stands, where thick assortments from mature thickets or younger pole stage forests are deposited, by 25%,

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- on narrow roads with unfavourable levelling places by up to 10%.


Corrections of basic normative in wood hauling

On skid-roads with short counter-ascents, holes or rocks, the basic time norm is increased by up to 10%.

In hauling of wood with wheeled tractors on soft muddy skid-roads by up to 10% (and by 15% on slopes of over 20%)

Quick report

from to with corrections
Felling Felling with chainsaw Average norm
Standard times at the workfield level
Fully mechanized harvesting
Wood extraction Hand wood extraction
Hauling with horses
Cable yarding large multi-drum yarder cranes with towers – up to 600 m line, carrying capacity up to 2.5 t
large multi-drum yarder cranes with towers – up to 800 m line, carrying capacity up to 3.0 t
medium multi-drum cranes with towers – up to 400 m line, carrying capacity up to 1.5 t
small multi-drum cranes with towers – up to 200 m line, carrying capacity up to 1.0 t
standard yarder cranes – 2,000 m line, carrying capacity up to 2.5 t
Tractors and forest skidders Agricultural tractor
Large forestry skidders