1 Start

2 Operation

3 Machines

4 Overview

Current process location:

Where will process start? (Select starting point.)

Which operations will be performed? (Select one or more operations.)

Where will process end? (Final point of transportation.)

Select machine

Machine:

Possible extensions

Small tools and personal protective equipment: Forestry upgrade: Chains: Winch: Winches, forestry pliers and trailer: Chippers, splitting machines and combined chippers and splitting machines:

Machines in the process

Machine	Operations	Productivity m³/h	Labor cost €/h	Number of workers

Fuel prices

The following fuel prices are being used for calculations (EUR/l). You can change the values and the system will use them in calculations.

Diesel:

Petrol:

TOTAL COST OF SUPPLY CHAIN (€/h):
TOTAL COST OF SUPPLY CHAIN (€/m³):

Fuel prices, which were used for calculation: Diesel: €, Petrol: €

Simple cost table

Machine	Fixed costs (€ / Depreciation period)	Fixed costs (€/h)	Variable cost of fuels and lubricants (€/h)	Variable costs of maintenance (€/h)	Total material costs of the selected machine (€/h)	Labor cost (€/h)	Total costs of workprocesses (€/h)	Total costs of workprocesses (€/m³)

Detailed cost table

Machine	Engine power output (kW)	Purchase value (€)	Life span (Hours)	Depreciation period (Year)	Annual use (Hours)	Fuel Type	Maintenance factor (%)	Fixed costs (€ / Depreciation period)	Fixed costs (€/h)	Variable cost of fuels and lubricants (€/h)	Variable costs of maintenance (€/h)	Total material costs of the selected machine (€/h)	Labor cost (€/h)	Total costs of workprocesses (€/h)	Total costs of workprocesses (€/m³)

Trees selected for felling

Type of felling	Tree species	Tariff	Number of selected trees per thickness levels (or per trunk diameter at breast height)																			m³
Type of felling	Tree species	Tariff	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Total	m³



Total

Fieldwork surface area ha

Number of selected trees per hectare:

Quantity of trees selected for cutting [m³/ha]:

Gross volume of medium tree selected for cutting:

Felling

Motor-manual felling (with chainsaw)

Average norm Basic standard time from min to min, with corrections taken into account min

The basic standard times are composed of productive and unproductive times (factor 1.58). Standard time is composed of basic standard time and corrections owing to the acknowledged additional work and corrections owing to the existing work conditions (bonifications or malifications). The basic normative expresses dependence of cutting time and preparation of assortments on tree's breast diameter in centimetres [cm].

The basic standard time also includes the time needed for the preparation of the felling area (in accordance with the regulations concerning cutting and handling of logging residues that relates to tree production and additional work owing to the extended forest regulations). During regular felling, no other additional work is stipulated. The calculation differs for coniferous and deciduous trees irrespective of the stand forms or mixture of tree species.

The basic standard time further includes the factor of difficulty that comprises average additional work and average corrections owing to the given working conditions. The included factor of difficulty amounts to 1.31 for conifers and 1.26 for deciduous trees. Due to the average bonification use, the norm is designed for the calculation of the time needed for cutting in large closed surfaces such as state-owned forests, forest management areas, concession area and estates, and less on separate plots or small properties.

1. Corrections owing to atypical working conditions

Low felling concentrations

Correction owing to the low concentration of trees foreseen for cutting is applied in the event when up to 100 trees are to be cut. The correction has the value of up to 20% (depending on the number of trees and their diameters). The correction is calculated automatically on the basis of given data.

Difficult passability

Correction for difficult passability in the workfield is stipulated on the basis of data on the average slope and rockiness. The correction for difficult passability amounts to 20% and is stipulated in the workfield itself. For the selected workfield, the user is obliged to stipulate shares (in %) in which separate classes concerning the slope and rockiness are represented (the sum of shares should not exceed 100%).

	Rockiness
Slope	< 30%	31-50%	51-70%	>70%
up to 30%					0,00%
from 31 to 50%					0,00%
from 51 to 70%					0,00%
above 70%					0,00%
	0,00%	0,00%	0,00%	0,00%	0,00%

Exceptional dimensions of trees

The correction for exceptional tree dimensions amounts to 15% and is taken into consideration with regard to the share of stemwood foreseen for cutting from 50 cm diameter at breast height upwards. The correction is calculated automatically on the basis of given data.

2. Correction owing to the low concentration of exceptional (sanitary) felling
Such correction is used only for the calculation of time needed for exceptional (sanitary) felling foreseen in the annual forest exploitation plan, when surface areas of workfields for exceptional felling exceed 10 ha or when the number of trees planned for cutting exceeds 100.

In workfields smaller than 10 ha, data on the number of cut trees per workfields of exceptional (sanitary) felling in the previous year are used for the calculation of the average correction owing to the low concentrations of the expected exceptional (sanitary) felling and the values of corrections from Item 1 (»Corrections owing to the atypical conditions) taken into consideration. The use of correction owing to the atypical working conditions applies for the surface areas of exceptional felling of up to 10 ha.

Limitations
Standard times apply for all kinds of produced forest-wood assortments of coniferous and deciduous trees that are normally subject to marketing. In coniferous trees, the standard times apply for felling and preparation of assortments of roundwood (with typical lengths from 4 to 12 m). In deciduous trees, the standard times includes time for the preparation of assortments and for the making of industrial wood or for fuelwood. Felling and preparation of forest-wood assortments of larger quantities owing to ice-break, snow break, wind break, fires and landslides (salvage logging) are not standardized due to the greatly increased danger during the carried out works, but are calculated per production time consumption. The sum of all corrections owing to the atypical working conditions or concentration of exceptional felling is expressed with the factor 1.22 at the most for conifers and 1.27 at the most for deciduous trees (the so-called limit values). In the event of a greater sum in the workfield, the program automatically uses the corrections' limit values.

Fully mechanized harvesting Basic standard time from () to ()

Mechanized fellings with large wheeled harvesters

Basic principles

The standard times apply for the already established form of machine logging and making of assortments during the thinning of conifer stands and deciduous trees in favourable terrain and stand conditions of regular working sites with trees marked for felling.

The standard time consider the system of working time calculation for eight-hour workday and are based on the regression dependence of the productive working time of the machine from the input variable of the average gross volume of the tree marked for felling (BTO) in m³ at the working site.

The standard time applies for the working sites where trees marked for felling, taking into account the tariffs of forest management plans, do not exceed 1,2 m³ for deciduous trees (LST) and 1,8 m³ for conifers (IGL), while the density of trees marked for felling oscillates between 50 m³/ha in 150 m³/ha. A lower density can be considered with the foreseen correction.

The standard time apply for the group of large wheeled logging machines, the mass of which exceeds 13 tons; the reach of hydraulic lift's arm is 10 metres or more, while the cutting head installed on it enables production of assortments of up to 40 cm in diameter and felling of up to 60 cm in diameter. The norms apply for independent work by a qualified machine operator, with work experience on such machines, without combined implementation of chainsaw work and additional chainsaw operator.

The standard time apply for the cutting and making of assortments in the technological shortwood system. The machinist takes care of suitably directed logging and assortment making in order to avoid unnecessary damages caused to the stand and soil.

The standard time include times for the arrangement of the cutting site, as stipulated by the rules for machine logging, which regulate the implementation of cutting, handling of logging residues, haulage and stacking of forest wood assortments.

The machine logging standard time (Nss) is expressed in time (min) per net produced m³ of forest wood assortments and is composed of the basic standard time (ONss) and corrections of the basic standard time. The basic standard time includes the factor of non-productive working time, which considers Slovenian conditions of forest management and labour legislation, and amounts to 1.39.

The basic standard time of machine felling with large wheeled harvesters is calculated on the basis of average gross volume of the tree marked for felling (BTO).

Corrections of the harvesters basic standard time
Standard time corrections are meant to increase the basic norm owing to the terrain and/or organizational conditions at working site. The criteria for stipulating corrections for separate categories is determined on the basis of conditions at working site as well as of organizational demands and limitations in the implementation of machine logging. The sum of all corrections on the basis of norms can be 100% at the most (factor = 2). If adding of over 100% of corrections of the basic norm is justified, the norm is not stipulated, but verification of the productivity and calculation of jobs by time is recommendable.

1. Organizational limitations:

Additional forest protection demands in the cases of:

presence of perspective young generation,
additional stacking or removal of branches from logging tracks due to other reasons,
processing or stacking of topstems lying separately from the trunk or tree.

Correction value %

Dead-end skidding tracks (ST):

Distance of the focal point of wood mass at working site from the foreseen depot on the forest thoroughfare is:

2. Correction due to working site conditions:

Site conditions:

Work in belated first thinnings takes place at

Correction value

Work in protected areas takes place at

Correction value

Work in stands with emphasized social functions takes place at

Correction value

Tree form

where there are more trees with stronger branch garlands or larger individually growing branches (demanding production),

that were affected by ice-break or snow break in the past and where there are more than 40% of trees marked for felling: 2- or multi lyre-shaped tops,

in coppice stands or in individual trees with long crown and strong branches (e.g. outliers).

Field conditions (slope and rockiness)

Correction value

• Winter conditions

Correction value

• Extreme conditions

Work in damaged stands due to the rigours of the weather that affect trees individually or in smaller cores (up to 0.1 ha) and where up to 40% of trees are marked for felling. The correction does not apply for work in badly damaged stands owing to natural disasters. Owing to diverse factors, work is calculated here by time – and is not standardized.

Limitations and recommendations

The norms apply for the stands of homogenous structure in pole stage forests and stands of mature trees with defined measure of thinning under favourable field conditions.
Favourable field conditions for machine logging concern forest areas with average rockiness of the terrain of up to 5%, average slope of up to 10%, and good visibility.
Working time normative do not include breaks of work at the level of calendar monitoring of work such as: relocation of the machine, its shifting to various working sites, servicing and repairs, regular maintenance support (delivery of petrol, chain sharpening, assembly and dismantling of caterpillar tracks and chains …), longer breaks owing to weather, stand or organizational demands, etc.
Transparent and functional marking of trees for felling, of logging-skidding tracks and direction of movement is provided for.
The manner of tree marking should be adapted to the needs of complete machine logging.
Max. thickness of branches must not exceed 10 cm.
Max. length of produced assortments is 6 m.
Stacking and classification of assortments is carried out along logging tracks in the way that enables haulage with machinery (forwarder, tractor with forest trailer …).
Logging and making of random products due to ice-break, snow break, wind break) is not standardized but calculated by time.
For working sites where wood mass marked for felling does not exceed 500 m3 and which are not accessible by logging machinery without the use of removal trailer or are too distant from other machine logging working sites, an economic assessment of the decision to carry out complete machine logging is recommended.

Wood extraction

Manual (hand) wood extraction Basic standard time from () to ()

Manual wood extraction is shifting of produced assortments through wayless terrain. If extraction is to be carried out to the forest thoroughfare, then manual extraction is an independent and concluding phase. If, on the other hand, it is carried out to the skid-road or cableway line, the manual wood extraction is a sub-phase called gathering or wood pre-extraction. The normative apply to ordinary manners of work and ordinary equipment of workers and for labour of one worker. The norms apply for haulage of round wood of spruce and fir trees in the bark. For other tree species, they are calculated by considering their densities.

Working conditions with the greatest impact on the effects of manual extraction are: terrain slope, obstacles in the terrain (e.g. overgrown with vegetation), distance of wood shifting (slope distance is taken into account). Normal working conditions are suitably sloping terrain (40-60 %) with average humidity, without undergrowth and obstacles. In these norms, working conditions are summarized in three categories, which are the same for manual extraction at short and long distances.

Working site category

Manual wood extraction over long distances are used to hauling distances of 200 m to 500 m, norms hand harvesting over short distances are used on all distances up to 200 m.

Haulage slope distance

metresMax. distance should not exceed 500 metres!

Corrections of the basic normative of manual wood extraction

When the assortments do not slide easily, the normative can be increased. When extracting wood along frozen ground, however, the norms can be lowered. The normative can also be increased in the extraction through heavy undergrowth as well as in the extraction of small (avg. piece weighing less than 0.3 tons) and long assortments (especially deciduous trees).

Aggravating sliding (terrain slope, humidity)

Easy sliding (ice, frost) – norm reduction

Thick undergrowth

Small, long assortments

Hauling with horses Basic standard time from () to ()

The normative apply for ordinary organizations and procedures in wood extraction with horses (in the skidding of roundwood with horses on the ground and in extraction of firewood), and for ordinary equipment of horses and workers. Roundwood is skidded with a male horse or with a pair of horses. Times of stacking along the thoroughfare are also taken into account. The normative for extraction of firewood of deciduous trees are stipulated for the work of one person with 3 horses. Firewood should be stacked in forest in piles.

Select the manner of skidding for which the normative is to be stipulated:

The distance of wood hauling is determined by measuring the length of skid-roads in the field or on the map; in the extraction of wood, it is determined by measuring the paths covered by horses on wayless ground and along skid-roads.

Horizontal distance of hauling or extraction along skid-road is metres

The distance of wood gathering is determined in such a manner that the measured distance (as a straight line) on the »map« from the centre of gathering in the fieldwork to the skid-road is increased by 45%.

The distance of gathering (hauling) through wayless ground metres

Za preračunavanje prostornine lesa (prostorni m3) v maso ali obratno veljajo poleg preglednice v poglavju 4.1 še naslednja razmerja:

Sortimenti - drva	Masa	Enota
Masa 1 prostorninskega m³ svežega lesa listavcev	0,8	t
Masa 1 prostorninskega m³ gozdno suhega lesa list	0,6	t
Prostornina lesa v 1 prostornem m³	0,65	m³

The stated norms for skidding with horses apply for dry and solid (rocky) skid-roads without larger holes or stones (steps) along the skid-road. With regard to the average longitudinal slope of the skid-road, three directions of wood extraction with the following characteristics are distinguished:

1. Corrections of basic norms of hauling with horses
For poorer working conditions in the hauling of wood with horses, the time norm can be increased, i.e.:

on skid-roads with short counter-ascents, holes or stones on the skid-road by up to 10%, in steep skid-roads (above -20% slope) up to 15% corrections;

on soft and muddy skid-roads by up to 10%;

on very steep grounds, where additional manual work is necessary, by up to 10%;

in the extraction of very small assortments (average tree marked for felling up to 0.20 m3), the norm of hauling is increased by up to 20%;

in the extraction of small assortments (average tree marked for felling up to 0.24-0.30 m3 ), the norm of hauling is increased by up to 10%;

for work in snow, the time norms of gathering and hauling are increased as follows: in height of snow of up to 15 cm by up to 5%, in height of snow of 16-50 cm by up to 15%, in height of snow above 50 cm by up to 20%.

1. Corrections of basic norms of firewood extraction with horses

rocky slopes with high rockiness (above 60% surface) up to 10 %,

low intensity cutting in the workfield (below 20 m³/ha) up to 10 %.

Cable yarding Basic standard time from () to ()

The norms apply for the already established forms of extraction of coniferous and deciduous wood with yarder cranes, i.e.

hauling of wood up and down with multi-drum yarder tower cranes and carrying capacity of 3 tons,
hauling of wood up and down with multi-drum yarder tower cranes and carrying capacity of 2.5 tons,
hauling of wood up and down with standard yarder cranes.

Forestry cableways are classified into four categories with regard to the length of typical lines and carrying capacity:

1.a large multi-drum yarder cranes with towers – up to 600 m line, carrying capacity up to 2.5 t (e.g. Urus)
1.b a large multi-drum yarder cranes with towers – up to 800 m line, carrying capacity up to 3.0 t (universal cableways e.g. FMM-Syncrofalke)
2. medium multi-drum cranes with towers – up to 400 m line, carrying capacity up to 1.5 t (e.g. Mini Urus, TVS, Igland telescope)
3. small multi-drum cranes with towers – up to 200 m line, carrying capacity up to 1.0 t
4. standard yarder cranes – 2,000 m line, carrying capacity up to 2.5 t

The norms apply for the haulage of basic lengths of assortments or multiples of basic lengths and combined assortments and fora group of three workers dealing with multi-drum yarders with towers or four workers engaged in wood extraction with standard yarder. The norms for multi-drum yarders with towers 1.b apply for functioning in the three-rope system in both directions of extraction. The norm for hauling with yarders is determined separately for wood extraction itself and for extraction together with the shifting of the appliance. This is possible, of course, only if the lines at a working site are similar.

Obligatory (general) data

No. of workers No.
Horizontal length of the line from anchor to anchor (m) m
No. of intermediate supports [ No.

Direction of extraction: Downwards is possible only in 1.b and 4.

Obligatory data for the stipulation of the normative for the shifting of appliances
The norms of shifting (setting up and dismantling together with shifting inside the workfield) of appliances (for cableways of categories 1.a, 2., 3. and 4.) apply for the assembly of the support and hauling ropes (two-rope system), for the setting up of the hanging shoe (M support), for anchoring to the growing trees, arrangement of standing place for the machine on the road (with the exception of standard cranes), and arrangement of timber landing. For the category of forestry cableways 1.b (three-rope system), the norm of shifting (setting up, dismantling and shifting inside the workfield) and shifting of appliances between working sites are determined with factor fmd.

Basic standard times in the shifting of gravitational cableways (categories 1.a, 2., 3. and 4.)
The time of shifting is the total time of setting up and dismantling of the cableway in norm hours. The norm applies for the work of a group of three workers dealing with the shifting of multi-drum cranes with towers (cableways of categories 1.a, 2. and 3.) or for the group of four workers engaged in standard cable yarding (category 4.). If having to do with a different group, the norm can be relatively changed, which is the reason why the number of workers is to be precisely stipulated already in the general data.

Select the type of line laying

Terrain slope (%) % Slope indicates the gradient of the unit of terrain under consideration. It is given in % on the slope irrespective of direction of yarder line.

Additional productive time, which is standardized separately (norm hours) and is foreseen in the forest cableway project: h

Basic standard times in the shifting of universal cableways (category 1.b)
For multi-drum cable yarders with towers 1.b, the norm of extraction with shifting at the annual level is calculated on the grounds of the basic norm of extraction and shifting factor (fmd). The fmd factor is determined with regard to the horizontal length of the line LL (m) and concentration of net wood mass marked for felling on the line (m³/m). The fmd factor is used for the calculation of the norm for several working sites (e.g. at the annual level).

Obligatory data needed to determine the wood extraction norm

VLA	The distance of hauling (m) for the workfield is assessed as an average distance to the centre of wood mass marked for felling (per map)	m
Pi	Surface area opened by the lines - usually workfield (ha)	ha
n	No. of foreseen lines in the workfield	No.
TDC	Additional productive work in the cycle	(min/load)

Cutting method

Other foreseen productive time in wood hauling

Wood levelling with the winch of cable appliance and levelling with tractor.

1. Corrections of the basic norms in the shifting and haulage of wood with gravitation cable yarders (categories 1.a, 2., 3. and 4.)
Specify corrections and select the factors of influence:

Terrain slope

Calculated correction owing to the terrain slope :